Hollow fiber membrane bioreactors provide a unique platform for numerous biotechnological systems. Their robust design allows for {highthroughput and optimal environmental settings. The characteristics of the hollow fibers facilitates exchange between the internal environment and the exterior solution, enabling robust fermentation. Some common

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) process has emerged as a prominent solution for wastewater treatment due to its ability to achieve high removal efficiencies of organic matter, nutrients, and suspended solids. MBRs integrate a biological reactor with a membrane separation unit, effectively combining the advantages of conventional activated sludge systems